Squatters in Spain: Legal framework, rights, and current challenges

In Spain, the issue of squatters ("okupas"), or illegal occupants, has become increasingly controversial, especially in urban areas facing a significant housing shortage. The legal landscape surrounding illegal occupation has undergone changes, particularly with the implementation of the Anti-Squatter Law 2025. This legislation aims to speed up the eviction process for property owners, allowing evictions to take place within 48 hours if it is proven that the property is not the squatters' primary residence. In addition, the law gives the police the authority to intervene without prior judicial authorization in clear cases of illegal occupation, thus addressing the bureaucratic delays that have historically hindered landlords.

However, despite these legal improvements, several challenges remain. The judicial system remains overwhelmed, causing significant delays in cases that do not qualify for immediate eviction. In addition, escalating housing prices have worsened the problem, forcing more people to resort to illegal occupation as a last option. Critics of the new legislation argue that it may disproportionately affect vulnerable groups, as it does not penalize poverty but focuses on organized illegal occupation. This has raised alarm among human rights activists, who fear that the law could lead to the eviction of families without providing them with adequate housing alternatives.

The conflict between property rights and the need for affordable housing continues to fuel debate in Spain. Although the government has committed to increasing the availability of social housing, current initiatives are failing to meet growing demand. As a result, the issue of squatters remains a significant social and legal challenge, highlighting the wide economic inequalities that exist in Spanish society.

Key aspects of housing affordability

Housing affordability typically refers to the ability of individuals or families to afford housing without sacrificing other essential needs. A common benchmark is that housing costs should not exceed 30% of a household's income.

Causes:

- Rising property prices: Increased demand for housing, often driven by population growth and urbanization, can lead to higher property prices.

- Stagnant wages: In many areas, wages have not kept pace with rising housing costs, making it difficult for individuals to afford homes.

- Limited supply: A shortage of affordable housing units can exacerbate the problem, particularly in desirable locations.

Consequences:

- Increased homelessness: As housing becomes less affordable, more individuals and families may find themselves at risk of homelessness.

- Economic strain: High housing costs can lead to financial stress, affecting overall economic stability and consumer spending.

- Social inequality: Housing affordability issues often disproportionately affect low-income families and marginalized communities, leading to greater social inequality.

Potential solutions:

- Policy interventions: Governments can implement policies such as rent control, housing subsidies, and zoning reforms to increase the availability of affordable housing.

- Community development: Investing in community development projects can help create more affordable housing options.

- Public-Private partnerships: Collaborations between government and private developers can lead to innovative solutions for affordable housing.

Housing affordability remains a complex issue that requires coordinated efforts from various stakeholders (any individual, group, or organization that has an interest in or is affected by a particular issue, project, or decision), including governments, non-profits, and the private sector, to address effectively.

Vocabulary

- Okupa (Squatter): A person who unlawfully occupies an empty building or land.

Example: The city has seen an increase in okupas taking over abandoned properties.

- Eviction: The legal process of removing a tenant or occupant from a property.

Example: The landlord initiated the eviction process after the okupas refused to leave.

- Property rights: Legal rights to own, use, and manage property.

Example: Property rights are essential for maintaining order in real estate transactions.

- Legal framework: The system of laws and regulations that govern a particular area.

Example: The legal framework surrounding squatting has changed significantly in recent years.

- Bureaucratic delays: Slow processes caused by administrative procedures.

Example: Bureaucratic delays often hinder timely evictions of okupas.

- Affordable housing: Housing that is reasonably priced and accessible to low-income individuals.

Example: The government is under pressure to provide more affordable housing options.

- Social inequality: The unequal distribution of resources and opportunities among different social groups.

Example: The rise of okupas highlights the issue of social inequality in urban areas.

- Homelessness: The state of having no home or permanent residence.

Example: Many okupas are individuals who have experienced homelessness due to rising rents.

- Judicial approval: Official permission from a court or legal authority.

Example: The police can act without judicial approval in cases of immediate illegal occupation.

- Vulnerable populations: Groups of people who are at a higher risk of experiencing social or economic disadvantages.

Example: Vulnerable populations often resort to squatting when they cannot find affordable housing.

 

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Funny videos: The day Sir Michael Caine had to kiss uninterruptedly Michelle Pfeiffer

A new section in Focus on Learning English...

I quite liked this interview with the famous actor Michel Kaine, well, Sir Michal Kaine. This is a scene in which Michell Kaine has to kiss Michell Pfeiffer for about 25 minutes... Here it is (Linkedin content):

El día que Sir #MichaelCaine tuvo que besar ininterrumpidamente a #MichellePfeiffer durante más de 20 minutos... 😅 pic.twitter.com/adbYz4cxZZ

— Doctor Frusna (@doctorfrusna) July 10, 2025

Some vocabulary terms related to movie-making situations, along with examples similar to this video:

Behind the Scenes: The unseen aspects of film production.

Example: "Behind the scenes: The moment the crew had to improvise when the main actor forgot his lines."

Bloopers: Mistakes or humorous moments that occur during filming.

Example: "Bloopers: The time the cast couldn't stop laughing during a serious scene."

Casting Call: An audition for actors to be selected for roles in a film.

Example: "Casting call: The day when hundreds of hopefuls lined up to audition for the lead role."

Wrap Party: A celebration held after the completion of filming.

Example: "Wrap party: The night the cast and crew celebrated their hard work with a surprise dance-off."

Green Screen: A special effects technique used to replace backgrounds.

Example: "Green screen: The moment when the actor hilariously reacted to a non-existent dragon."

Script Read: A session where actors read through the script together.

Example: "Script read: The day the cast discovered their characters had unexpected romantic connections."

Director's Cut: A version of the film that reflects the director's vision.

Example: "Director's cut: The version where the director added a surprise twist that left everyone speechless."

Location Scouting: The process of finding suitable places to film.

Example: "Location scouting: The adventure of finding the perfect beach, only to be interrupted by a sudden rainstorm."

Stunt Coordination: Planning and executing stunts safely.

Example: "Stunt coordination: The day the stunt double accidentally outperformed the lead actor."

Premiere Night: The first public showing of a film.

Example: "Premiere night: The moment the audience erupted in laughter during an unexpected scene." 

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Brexit's ongoing effects: A five-year review

The term “Brexit” is an acronym combining ‘Britain’ (United Kingdom) and “exit”. It refers specifically to the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union, which was formalized through a referendum held on June 23, 2016. The word gained popularity during the pre-referendum campaign and has since become widely used in discussions about the political, economic and social implications of the UK's exit from the EU

Five years after the UK officially left the European Union on January 31, 2020, the effects of Brexit continue to shape the nation. Initially, the UK maintained access to the EU single market and customs union for 11 months, but the departure has since led to significant changes in various sectors.

Trade

Exiting the EU's single market has negatively affected the UK's trade in goods, despite a free trade agreement that avoided tariffs. New “non-tariff barriers” such as complex paperwork (the dreaded red tape) have made trade more difficult, especially for small businesses. While some studies point to a 30% drop in goods exports, others indicate only a 6% reduction. The Office for Budget Responsibility predicts a long-term decline in trade and the size of the economy due to Brexit.

Immigration

The Brexit has ended freedom of movement for EU citizens, leading to a decrease in EU immigration. However, net immigration from non-EU countries has increased, driven by work visas and international students. The new immigration system requires visas for both EU and non-EU citizens, except for the Irish.

Travel

British travelers will no longer be able to use EU corridors at borders and will be required to obtain travel authorizations to visit EU countries from 2025. This change, along with the introduction of an electronic entry system, may lead to longer waiting times at borders.

Laws

The UK gained legal sovereignty, allowing it to make its own laws. Thousands of EU laws remained, but the government plans to review and possibly abolish many. Some changes have already taken place, such as new rules on animal exports and tax laws.

Money

The UK no longer contributes to the EU budget, resulting in a net fiscal benefit estimated at £9 billion per year. However, the UK continues to meet its financial obligations under the Brexit Withdrawal Agreement and has rejoined the Horizon research funding program.

In conclusion: as the UK navigates the post-Brexit scenario, the implications of this historic decision continue to be debated and analyzed, with potential changes to relations with the EU on the horizon.

For more information on the Brexit, visit these links:

- Five key impacts of Brexit five years on
- What is Brexit?

Vocabulary related to Brexit

- Brexit: The term used to describe the United Kingdom's (UK) exit from the European Union (EU).

Example: Brexit has led to significant changes in trade agreements between the UK and EU countries.

- Referendum: A direct vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a particular proposal and can result in the adoption of a new law or policy.

Example: The 2016 referendum on Brexit saw 52% of voters choosing to leave the EU.

- Withdrawal Agreement: The legal document that outlines the terms of the UK's departure from the EU.

Example: The Withdrawal Agreement was finalized after lengthy negotiations between the UK and EU leaders.

- Transition Period: A period following the official exit during which the UK and EU negotiated their future relationship.

Example: During the transition period, the UK continued to follow EU rules while discussions about future trade deals took place.

- Hard Brexit: A scenario where the UK leaves the EU without any agreements in place, resulting in a complete break.

Example: Many businesses feared the economic consequences of a hard Brexit, which could disrupt supply chains.

- Soft Brexit: A scenario where the UK maintains close ties with the EU, possibly remaining in the single market or customs union.

Example: Supporters of a soft Brexit argue that it would minimize disruptions to trade and travel.

- Customs Union: An agreement between countries to not impose tariffs on each other's goods and to have a common external tariff on imports.

Example: The debate over whether the UK should remain in the customs union was a key issue during 

Brexit negotiations

- Single Market: An economic system in which goods, services, capital, and people can move freely between member states.

Example: Leaving the single market means the UK will face new trade barriers with EU countries.

- Backstop: A safety net provision in the Withdrawal Agreement aimed at preventing a hard border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.

Example: The backstop was a contentious issue that delayed the finalization of the Brexit deal.

- Article 50: The treaty provision that outlines the process for a member state to withdraw from the EU.

Example: The UK government triggered Article 50 in March 2017, officially starting the Brexit process.

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Goodbye, Facebook: a change in our relationship with social media

In recent years, we have witnessed a significant change in the way people interact with social media. Facebook, one of the largest and oldest platforms, has been the subject of criticism and re-evaluation by its users, myself included. Let's take a look at the reasons why many people are saying goodbye to Facebook.

Privacy concerns

One of the most cited reasons for leaving Facebook is growing concern about privacy. Scandals related to data management and lack of transparency have led many to question the security of their personal information.

Information overload

The amount of content shared on Facebook can be overwhelming. Many users feel that the platform has become a sea of irrelevant information, making it difficult to find meaningful content.

Impact on mental health

Studies have shown that excessive use of social media can contribute to mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. Constantly comparing oneself to the seemingly perfect lives of others can affect self-esteem and emotional well-being.

Changing priorities

As people evolve, so do their interests and priorities. Some users have decided that it is time to focus on more meaningful relationships in real life, rather than virtual interactions.

Emerging alternatives

With the rise of new platforms and apps, many users are exploring alternatives that offer a different approach to social interaction. Apps such as Instagram, TikTok, or more privacy-focused platforms such as Signal and Telegram are gaining popularity. But I think they are not for me....

In conclude, the decision to say goodbye to Facebook reflects a broader shift in how people interact with social media. Concerns about privacy, the overwhelming volume of content, and the negative impact on mental health have led many users to reconsider their presence on the platform. As priorities shift, people are increasingly seeking more meaningful and real connections rather than virtual interactions. While emerging alternatives offer new ways to connect, they may not be to everyone's liking. Ultimately, this trend highlights the importance of finding a social media experience that aligns with your values and promotes your overall well-being. Is it possible?... I really don't know...

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About control and controlling behaviour

Rachel has asked me to write about controlling people In my opinion, there are two different topics or issues: control and controlling behaviour. So, let's go...

What is control?

Control can refer to several concepts depending on the context:

• General definition: Control is the power to influence or direct the behaviour of people or the course of events. It involves the ability to manage, regulate or command something.
• Psychology: In psychology, control is often related to an individual's perception of their ability to influence their environment or the outcomes of their life. This can include concepts such as locus of control (*), which refers to the extent to which individuals believe they can control events that affect them.
• Management and business: In a business context, control refers to the processes and systems that organisations use to ensure that their objectives are met. This includes performance measurement, feedback mechanisms and corrective measures.
• Engineering and systems: In engineering, control refers to the methods used to manage the behaviour of dynamic systems. Control systems are designed to regulate the performance of a system in order to achieve the desired performance.
• Social and political contexts: Control can also refer to the power exercised by authorities or institutions over individuals or groups, including the mechanisms of social control that regulate behaviour within societies.
• Personal control: At the personal level, control can refer to self-regulation and the ability to manage one's emotions, thoughts, and behaviours in various situations.

Each of these definitions highlights different aspects of control, but they all share the common theme of influence and regulation.

What does controlling behaviour mean?

Controlling behaviour refers to actions or patterns of behaviour in which an individual seeks to dominate or manipulate another person or situation. This can manifest itself in various contexts, including personal relationships, workplaces, and social interactions. Let's look at some key aspects of controlling behaviour:

- Manipulation: People who exhibit controlling behaviour may use manipulative tactics to influence the thoughts, feelings, or actions of others. This may include making the other person feel guilty, psychologically manipulating them, or using emotional appeals to achieve their goals.

- Domination: Controlling behaviour often involves a desire to exercise power or authority over others. This can manifest itself in making decisions for another person, dictating how they should act, or undermining their autonomy.

- Control and surveillance: A controlling person may excessively monitor or surveil another person's activities, communications, or whereabouts. This can create a sense of mistrust and invasion of privacy.

- Restriction of freedom: Controlling behaviour can restrict a person's freedom to make decisions or express themselves. This may include dictating who they can associate with, what they can wear, or how they should spend their time.

- Emotional abuse: In some cases, controlling behaviour can escalate into emotional or psychological abuse, in which the controlling person uses fear, intimidation, or humiliation to maintain power over the other person.

- Impact on relationships: Controlling behaviour can lead to unhealthy dynamics in relationships, causing feelings of resentment, frustration, and mistrust. It can also make the controlled person feel powerless or dependent.

Recognising controlling behaviour is important for maintaining healthy relationships and personal boundaries. It is essential that people openly communicate their feelings and seek support if they find themselves in a controlling situation.

Vocabulary Related to Control

- Autonomy: The ability to make one's own choices and decisions. Example: "She values her autonomy and prefers to make her own decisions without interference."

- Influence: The capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something. Example: "His positive attitude had a significant influence on the team's morale." 

- Regulation: The act of controlling or managing something according to rules or principles. Example: "The regulation of workplace safety is essential to protect employees." 

- Authority: The power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience. Example: "The manager has the authority to approve budget changes." 

- Self-regulation: The ability to control one's emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in the face of temptations and impulses. Example: "Practicing mindfulness can improve self-regulation and help manage stress."

Vocabulary Related to Controlling Behavior

- Manipulation: The act of influencing someone in a clever or unscrupulous way. Example: "His manipulation of the situation made her feel guilty for wanting to leave."

- Domination: The exercise of control or influence over someone or something. Example: "Her domination in the relationship left him feeling powerless and frustrated."

- Surveillance: Close observation, especially of a suspected spy or criminal. Example: "The constant surveillance of her phone messages made her feel invaded."

- Coercion: The practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats. Example: "He felt that his boss's coercion to work overtime was unfair."

- Emotional Abuse: A form of abuse characterized by a person’s behavior that manipulates, intimidates, or belittles another person. Example: "Her partner's emotional abuse left her feeling isolated and insecure."

- Dependency: A state of relying on or being controlled by someone or something else. Example: "His controlling behavior created a dependency that made it hard for her to leave the relationship."

- Gaslighting: A form of psychological manipulation that seeks to make a person doubt their perceptions, memories, or reality. Example: "He was gaslighting her by denying things he had said, making her question her own memory."

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Social Problems in a big city: A focus on Valencia

Valencia, the dynamic capital of the Valencian Community (Spain), is famous for its rich history, impressive architecture and cultural diversity. However, like many large urban centers, it faces a number of social problems that affect its residents. Let's take a look at some of the most pressing social issues facing Valencia today, such as housing affordability, unemployment, social inequality and environmental problems.

Housing Affordability

One of Valencia's biggest challenges is the rising cost of housing. As the city continues to attract national and international migrants, the demand for affordable housing has increased. Many residents find themselves excluded from the market, leading to an increase in homelessness and precarious living conditions. The Valencian government has tried to address this problem through various initiatives, such as the promotion of social housing projects and the implementation of rent control measures. However, the effectiveness of these policies remains a subject of controversy among policy decision-makers and citizens alike.

Unemployment

Unemployment is another serious social problem in Valencia. Although the city has experienced economic growth in recent years, certain demographic groups, especially young people and immigrants, continue to face high rates of unemployment. The lack of job opportunities can lead to feelings of disenfranchisement and social exclusion. Many young people are forced to accept temporary or low-paid jobs, which do not provide the stability and benefits necessary for a decent quality of life. This exacerbates the cycle of poverty and limits social mobility.

Social inequality

Social inequality is a widespread problem in Valencia, which manifests itself in various forms, such as economic disparity, educational inequality and limited access to health care. The distribution of wealth in the city is unequal, with affluent neighbourhoods often enjoying better public services and infrastructure than less privileged areas. This disparity can hinder access to quality education and healthcare, perpetuating a cycle of disadvantage for marginalised communities. Efforts to promote inclusion and equal opportunities are essential to address these inequalities and foster a more cohesive society.

Increase in crime?

As urban areas become more crowded and suffer greater economic strain, there may be an increase in crime and delinquency. Valencia has not been immune to this trend, with reports of an increase in petty crime and anti-social behaviour. The perception of safety is crucial to fostering a vibrant social life, and when residents feel threatened or unsafe, they are less likely to participate in social activities. This deterioration in public safety can lead to a distancing from community spaces, further diminishing social interactions.

Environmental issues

As a growing city, Valencia faces major environmental challenges such as air pollution, waste management and urban sprawl. Rapid urbanisation has led to increased traffic congestion and deteriorating air quality, posing health risks to residents. In addition, the city has problems with waste management, as the growing population generates more waste than current systems can handle. To combat these problems, local authorities are implementing sustainable practices, such as promoting public transport and green spaces, but progress is slow and requires continued commitment from both the government and the community.

In concluding, Valencia, like many large cities, faces a multitude of social problems that require urgent attention. Addressing issues such as housing affordability, unemployment, social inequality and environmental problems is crucial to fostering a more equitable and sustainable urban environment. Collaborative efforts between government, community organisations and residents are essential to create effective solutions that improve the quality of life for all Valencians. By prioritising these social issues, Valencia can continue to thrive as a dynamic and inclusive city.

Vocabulary related to the article

• Urbanization: The process by which cities grow as more people move from rural areas to urban areas. 
• Affordability: The state of being affordable; the ability to pay for something without financial strain. 
• Precarious: Not securely held or in position; dependent on chance; uncertain. 
• Disenfranchisement (Disempowerment): The state of being deprived of a right or privilege, especially the right to vote or participate in society. 
• Social exclusion: The process by which certain individuals or groups are systematically blocked from various rights, opportunities, and resources.
• Inequity: Lack of fairness or justice; an unequal distribution of resources or opportunities. 
• Disparity: A great difference; inequality in treatment or conditions.
• Cohesive: Forming a united whole; characterized by the ability to work together effectively.
• Sustainable: Capable of being maintained over the long term without depleting resources; environmentally friendly. 
• Infrastructure: The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society, such as transportation systems, schools, and hospitals. 
• Public services: Services provided by the government to its citizens, such as education, healthcare, and transportation. 
• Social mobility: The ability of individuals or families to move up or down the social ladder in terms of wealth, education, and occupation. 
• Environmental concerns: Issues related to the protection of the environment and the impact of human activity on natural resources. 
• Community organizations: Groups that work to address social issues and improve the quality of life in a specific area or for a particular population.

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Understanding Hard Skills and Soft Skills: Their roles in the workplace

In today's competitive job market, it is increasingly important to distinguish between hard and soft skills. Recognising these two categories of skills is vital for both jobseekers and employers, as they significantly influence a person's fit for a particular job. We will attempt to define hard and soft skills, give examples of each and explore their importance in the workplace.

Defining Hard Skills

Hard competences are specific, teachable skills or knowledge that can be measured and are usually acquired through education, training or practical experience. They are usually job-specific and can be assessed through testing, certification or practical demonstration. Hard skills are essential to perform certain tasks and are often listed as requirements in job advertisements.

Examples of Hard Skills

1. Technical Proficiency: This involves skills such as programming languages (e.g., Python, Java), software applications (e.g., Microsoft Excel, Adobe Photoshop), and technical writing. For example, a software developer must have a solid grasp of coding languages to build applications.
2. Data Analysis: The ability to interpret and analyze data using statistical tools is a valuable hard skill in sectors like marketing, finance, and research. Proficiency in software such as R or SQL can significantly boost a candidate's employability.
3. Project Management: Knowledge of project management methodologies (e.g., Agile, Scrum) and tools (e.g., Trello, Asana) is essential for roles that involve managing projects. Certifications like PMP (Project Management Professional) can validate this expertise.
4. Foreign Language Proficiency: Fluency in a foreign language can be a considerable advantage, particularly in international companies. For instance, a candidate who speaks both Spanish and English may be favored for a position in a multinational organization.

Defining Soft Skills

In contrast, interpersonal competences are personal attributes and personality traits that enable people to relate effectively and in a balanced way to others. They are often more difficult to quantify and are typically developed through life experiences, social interactions and personal growth. Interpersonal skills are vital for creating a positive work environment and improving collaboration among team members.

Examples of Soft Skills

1. Communication: The ability to communicate information clearly and effectively, both verbally and in writing, is essential in any workplace. Good communicators are able to express their ideas, listen attentively and engage in constructive discussions.
2. Teamwork: Collaboration is crucial in most professional settings. Individuals who can work well in teams, share responsibilities, and support their colleagues contribute to a more productive and cohesive work environment.
3. Problem-Solving: The ability to analyze situations, identify challenges, and develop effective solutions is a highly sought-after soft skill. Employers look for individuals who can think critically and adapt to changing circumstances.
4. Emotional Intelligence: This refers to the capacity to understand and manage one's emotions and the emotions of others. High emotional intelligence can lead to improved relationships, conflict resolution, and leadership abilities.

The Significance of Hard and Soft Skills

Both hard and soft skills are essential for achieving career success. While hard skills may help a candidate secure a job, soft skills often determine their long-term success within an organization. Employers increasingly recognize that a well-rounded employee possesses a balance of both skill sets.

For example, a data analyst may excel in technical skills related to data manipulation and presentation, but without strong communication skills, may find it difficult to effectively present his or her findings to stakeholders. Likewise, a team leader with excellent interpersonal skills but lacking in technical knowledge may find it difficult to guide his or her team in achieving specific objectives.

Conclusion

In summary, understanding the distinction between hard skills and soft skills is crucial for anyone navigating the job market. Hard skills provide the technical foundation necessary for specific roles, while soft skills enhance interpersonal interactions and contribute to a positive workplace culture. By developing both skill sets, individuals can position themselves as valuable assets to potential employers, ultimately leading to greater career success and fulfillment.

Vocabulary Related to Hard Skills

• Technical Skills: Specific abilities related to the use of tools, software, or techniques in a particular field.
• Certification: A formal recognition of an individual's qualifications or competence in a specific area, often obtained through exams or courses.
• Proficiency: A high degree of skill or expertise in a particular area or subject.
• Quantifiable: Capable of being measured or expressed in numerical terms.
• Job-Specific: Skills or knowledge that are directly relevant to a particular job or profession.
• Data Analysis: The process of inspecting, cleaning, and modeling data to discover useful information and support decision-making.
• Programming Languages: Formal languages comprising a set of instructions that can be used to produce various kinds of output, such as software applications.
• Project Management: The discipline of planning, executing, and closing projects, often involving specific methodologies and tools.

Vocabulary Related to Soft Skills

• Interpersonal Skills: Abilities that facilitate effective communication and interaction with others.
• Collaboration: The act of working together with others to achieve a common goal.
• Emotional Intelligence: The ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others.
• Active Listening: Fully concentrating, understanding, responding, and remembering what is being said in a conversation.
• Critical Thinking: The ability to analyze information objectively and make reasoned judgments.
• Adaptability: The capacity to adjust to new conditions or changes in the environment.
• Conflict Resolution: The process of resolving a dispute or disagreement between parties.
• Leadership: The ability to guide, influence, or direct individuals or teams towards achieving goals.

General Vocabulary

• Employability: The qualities and skills that make an individual suitable for employment.
• Workplace Culture: The environment and atmosphere of a workplace, shaped by the values, beliefs, and behaviors of its employees.
• Career Development: The ongoing process of managing one's career path, including skill enhancement and professional growth.
• Professionalism: The competence or skill expected of a professional, including adherence to ethical standards and behavior.

More info in: https://www.valamis.com/hub/hard-skills-vs-soft-skills

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Understanding cancer: a multifaceted disease

Cancer is a complex, multifaceted disease characterised by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body. Its origin is due to a combination of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors, resulting in a wide range of causes. Understanding these underlying factors is essential for effective prevention, early detection and treatment.

At the genetic level, cancer often begins with mutations in the DNA of cells. These mutations can be inherited from parents or acquired throughout life due to various influences. Specific genes, known as oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes, are crucial in regulating cell growth and division. When these genes mutate, they can trigger uncontrolled cell proliferation, a defining feature of cancer. In particular, hereditary cancers, such as those linked to mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, underline the importance of genetic predisposition in cancer development.

Environmental factors also play an important role in increasing cancer risk. Exposure to carcinogens - substances that can cause cancer - can occur through a variety of channels, including air pollution, radiation and certain chemicals present in industrial environments. For example, prolonged exposure to asbestos is associated with mesothelioma, a specific type of lung cancer. In addition, lifestyle choices such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and poor dietary habits can increase the risk of developing cancer. Tobacco smoke contains numerous carcinogenic substances, making it a major cause of lung cancer and other types of lung malignancies.

In addition, infections can contribute to the development of cancer. Some viruses, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B and C viruses, are known to increase the risk of certain types of cancer. HPV, for example, is a significant contributor to cervical cancer, while hepatitis viruses are linked to liver cancer.

In summary, cancer is a multifactorial disease influenced by genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors. Understanding these causes is vital to developing effective prevention strategies and treatments. As research progresses, it is crucial to promote awareness and encourage healthy lifestyle choices to reduce cancer risk and improve public health outcomes.

Vocabulary related to cancer

Cancer

A disease characterised by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.

Example: Early detection of cancer can significantly improve treatment outcomes.

Mutations

Changes in the DNA sequence of a cell that can result in abnormal cell behaviour.

Example: Gene mutations can be inherited or caused by environmental factors.

Oncogenes

Genes that have the potential to cause cancer when mutated or expressed at high levels.

Example: Mutations in oncogenes can cause uncontrolled cell division.

Tumour suppressor genes

Genes that help regulate cell growth and prevent tumours from forming.

Example: When tumour suppressor genes mutate, they may no longer control cell proliferation.

Carcinogens

Substances that can cause cancer by causing mutations in DNA.

Example: Tobacco smoke contains numerous carcinogens that increase the risk of lung cancer.

Proliferation

Rapid increase in the number of cells.

Example: Cancer cells proliferate uncontrollably, causing tumour growth.

Hereditary

Transmission from parent to child through genes.

Example: Some cancers have hereditary components, so family history is an important factor.

Asbestos

A naturally occurring mineral that has been linked to lung cancer and other diseases.

Example: Workers exposed to asbestos have an increased risk of developing mesothelioma.

Malignancy

A term used to describe cancerous growths that can invade and damage surrounding tissues.

Example: The doctor diagnosed a malignant tumour that required immediate treatment.

Infections

The invasion of the body by harmful microorganisms, which can sometimes lead to cancer.

Example: Certain viral infections, such as HPV, are known to increase the risk of cervical cancer.

Awareness

Knowledge or perception of a situation or fact, particularly regarding health issues.

Example: Raising awareness about cancer prevention can lead to healthier lifestyle choices.

Public Health

The science of protecting and improving the health of people and their communities.

Example: Public health initiatives aim to reduce cancer risk through education and screening programs.

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Where will Valencia be in ten years' time?

Or how I would like it to be...

The world is changing at a pace that often seems imperceptible, yet it is reshaping every aspect of our lives. As we look to the next decade, it is inevitable to wonder about the future of Valencia, a city rich in culture and history; will it become an example of sustainability and social awareness, or will it succumb to the challenges of urbanisation and environmental degradation? Although the future is always uncertain, I choose to embrace optimism and imagine a brighter scenario for Valencia in ten years' time.

A cleaner, greener Valencia

One of the most pressing problems in urban areas is pollution. In ten years' time, Valencia will be a city that has made great efforts to reduce pollution at all levels: air, sound, and light. With the implementation of stricter environmental regulations and the promotion of green technologies, air quality will improve dramatically. Electric public transport systems - or any other more advanced technology -, such as trams and buses, will replace traditional diesel and petrol vehicles, leading to a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

In addition, the city will prioritise noise reduction through the implementation of noise barriers and the promotion of quieter modes of transport. There will also be a focus on reducing light pollution, with initiatives aimed at preserving the night sky and improving the visibility of the stars, encouraging a deeper connection between residents and their natural environment.

Expanding green spaces

In this imagined future, Valencia will be transformed into a model of urban planning, potentially evolving into a ‘15-minute city’. This concept emphasises accessibility, allowing residents to meet their daily needs - such as work, shopping, education and leisure - within a short walk or bike ride from their homes. To achieve this, the city will expand its green spaces, creating parks, community gardens and recreational areas that promote biodiversity and improve the quality of life of its residents.

These green spaces will not only serve as the lungs of the city, but also as social centres where community members can come together, fostering a sense of belonging and connection. Integrating nature into urban life will encourage outdoor activities, improve mental health, and contribute to a more vibrant community.

A rise in social consciousness

As Valencia moves into the future, I predict a significant increase in social awareness and civil rights among its residents. The city will become a model of inclusion, embracing diversity and ensuring that all voices are heard. Community initiatives will focus on education and awareness-raising, empowering citizens to stand up for their rights and the rights of others.

Local governments will prioritise policies that promote equality, addressing issues such as housing, health and education. The rise of grassroots movements (movement or initiative that originates from the local level) will further amplify the call for social justice, leading to a more equitable society in which everyone has the opportunity to thrive.

Well, at least that's what I'd like Valencia to be...

In short, although the future remains uncertain, predicting a positive future trajectory for Valencia is not only an exercise in optimism, but also a call to action. By prioritising sustainability, expanding green spaces and fostering social awareness, Valencia can emerge as a model city for the future. As we navigate the complexities of a rapidly changing world, let us work together to create a Valencia that is not only habitable, but also flourishing, a city that future generations will be proud to call home.

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Are we going to be fired by the AI?

Well, in my opinion, AI (Artificial Intelligence) is going to change the rules of the game, in fact, it is already doing so....

A lot of jobs and routines, as we know them, are changing at a really fast pace. AI is gaining importance and notoriety in almost every area of human knowledge and skills, isn't it? However, I still believe that the human touch, human creativity, and human ingenuity will, for a while at least, hold back this inevitable outcome: AI will change everything, including the way we think, learn and live. But we are still human, not cybernetic or cyborgs, and maybe we can find a solution, a stability; who knows? The only thing we can do right now is to keep learning and doing the best things humans can do, which are not as many as we might think, by the way...
One important thing, as I see it, is to reconnect with nature and leave behind what is most characteristic of all of us: selfishness and extreme stupidity. Best of luck, fellow humans!
PS. For more information (or panic) about the influence of AI in our lives, or our would-be or potential lives, visit these links:

• Will Robots Take My Job? https://willrobotstakemyjob.com/
• Hype Or Reality: Will AI Really Take Over Your Job?
• https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2024/05/15/hype-or-reality-will-ai-really-take-over-your-job/
• AI Glossary: https://www.englishclub.com/glossaries/ai-glossary.php 

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Adverbs of manner, a small tutorial

Adverbs of manner are words that describe how an action is performed. They provide additional context to verbs, allowing speakers and writers to transmit connotations or nuances in behavior, attitude, and style. By answering the question "how?", these adverbs enrich the meaning of sentences and improve communication.

The use of adverbs of manner is crucial in English as they add depth and clarity to expressions. They help to create vivid images and emotional impact, making language more engaging and precise. Mastery of these adverbs can significantly improve both spoken and written communication, allowing for more effective storytelling and argumentation.

This tutorial will explore the various types of adverbs of manner, their placement within sentences, common mistakes associated with their use, and strategies for effective application. By the end, you will have a comprehensive understanding of how to utilize adverbs of manner to enhance your English proficiency.

Types of adverbs of manner

Regular adverbs

Examples: slowly, quickly, carefully

- How they modify verbs: Regular adverbs typically modify verbs by providing information about the manner in which an action is performed. For instance, in the sentence "She runs quickly," the adverb "quickly" describes how she runs.

- Commonly used in everyday language: These adverbs are frequently employed in daily conversations and writing, making them essential for effective communication.

Irregular adverbs

Examples: well, badly, far

- How they may not follow typical adverb  patterns: Unlike regular adverbs, irregular adverbs do not conform to standard formation rules. For example, "well" is the adverbial form of "good," which can be confusing for learners.

- How they add variety to language: The inclusion of irregular adverbs enriches language, providing speakers with diverse options to express actions and states.

Adverbs ending in -ly

Examples: happily, quietly, gently

- How they are formed: Many adverbs of manner are formed by adding the suffix "-ly" to adjectives. For example, "happy" becomes "happily."

- How they can make writing more descriptive: Adverbs ending in -ly often enhance descriptions, allowing writers to convey emotions and actions with greater specificity.

Placement of adverbs of manner

Before the main verb

Example: She quickly ran to the store.

- Emphasis on the adverb: Placing the adverb before the verb emphasizes the manner of the action, drawing attention to how it is performed.

- Common placement in everyday speech: This placement is typical in conversational English, making it a natural choice for speakers.

After the main verb

Example: He played the piano beautifully.

- How it  can change the emphasis of the sentence: When adverbs are placed after the verb, they can shift the focus to the action itself rather than the manner, creating a different nuance.

- Placement in formal writing: This structure is often preferred in formal writing, where clarity and precision are paramount.

In the middle of a verb phrase

Example: She will carefully consider the proposal.

- How adverbs can split verb phrases: Adverbs can be inserted within verb phrases, which can add emphasis and alter the rhythm of the sentence.

- Effect on sentence flow and meaning: This placement can enhance the flow of a sentence, making it more dynamic and engaging.

Common mistakes with adverbs of manner

Confusing adjectives and adverbs

Example: She sang beautiful.

- How to differentiate between the two: Adjectives modify nouns, while adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. The correct form in this case would be "beautifully."

- Importance of using the correct form: Using the appropriate form is essential for grammatical accuracy and clarity in communication.

Overusing adverbs

Example: He slowly walked slowly down the street.

- How repetition can weaken writing: Overusing adverbs can lead to redundancy and weaken the impact of writing. It is important to choose adverbs judiciously.

- Strategies for avoiding overuse: Writers should aim for variety in their language and consider whether the adverb adds significant value to the sentence.

Here’s a list of common adverbs of manner in English, categorized for easier reference:

Common adverbs of manner

Adverb      Meaning/Usage                       

Quickly     In a fast manner                           

Slowly      In a leisurely or unhurried manner        

Carefully   With attention to detail; cautiously       

Easily      Without difficulty                          

Happily     In a joyful or cheerful manner             

Sadly       In a sorrowful manner                      

Loudly      With a high volume                         

Quietly     In a soft or subdued manner                

Gently      With a soft touch; mildly                  

Badly       In a poor or unsatisfactory manner         

Well        In a good or satisfactory manner           

Bravely     In a courageous manner                     

Boldly      In a confident and daring manner           

Carelessly  Without care; in a negligent manner        

Rudely      In an impolite or disrespectful manner     

Sharply     In a sudden or abrupt manner               

Smoothly  Without problems; in a seamless manner     

Quickly     In a fast manner                           

Fiercely    In a strong or intense manner              

Eagerly    With enthusiasm or readiness                

Slightly    To a small degree; a little                

Thoroughly  In a complete and detailed manner          

Neatly      In an orderly and tidy manner              

Clumsily    In an awkward or ungraceful manner  

This list includes a variety of adverbs of manner that can be used to describe actions in different contexts. Feel free to expand upon this list as you encounter more adverbs in your studies!

More info

- Adverbs of Manner List

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Work-related Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal Verbs III

As we have already seen, phrasal verbs are an integral part of the English language, also in professional contexts. They consist of a verb combined with one or more particles (prepositions or adverbs) that modify the meaning of the original verb. Mastering these expressions can considerably improve your fluency and comprehension, especially in the workplace. We are going to look at several phrasal verbs commonly used in professional environments, with their definitions and examples. Let's get started!

Carry Out

To perform or complete a task or duty.

Example: "The team was able to carry out the project ahead of schedule, impressing the management with their efficiency."

Follow Up

To pursue or check on something after an initial action or communication.

Example: "After the meeting, I will follow up with the clients to ensure they received the proposal."

Take On

To accept a responsibility or a new task.

Example: "She decided to take on additional responsibilities to demonstrate her commitment to the company."

Look Into

To investigate or examine a situation or issue.

Example: "The HR department will look into the complaints raised by employees regarding workplace safety."

Bring Up

To introduce a topic for discussion.

Example: "During the meeting, he brought up the need for a new marketing strategy to boost sales."

Step Down

To resign from a position or reduce one's level of responsibility.

Example: "After years of dedicated service, the CEO announced that he would step down at the end of the year."

Run By

To present an idea or plan to someone for their approval or feedback.

Example: "Before finalizing the budget, I want to run it by the finance team to ensure everything is in order."

Set Up

To establish or arrange something, such as a meeting or a system.

Example: "We need to set up a conference call to discuss the project with the remote team."

Get Ahead

To advance in one's career or achieve success.

Example: "Networking is essential if you want to get ahead in this competitive industry."

Put Off

To postpone or delay an action or decision.

Example: "We cannot put off the decision any longer; we need to finalize the contract by the end of the week."

As a conclusion, phrasal verbs are not only prevalent in everyday conversation, but they are also crucial in professional communication.

Understanding and using these expressions can improve your ability to convey ideas clearly and effectively in the workplace. As you improve your English language skills, adding phrasal verbs to your vocabulary will undoubtedly contribute to your overall proficiency and confidence in a professional environment. 

And one more thing: try to write down these phrasal verbs with new examples on a notebook. This practice will enhance your understanding and retention of the language!

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